This chapter is composed of four parts. The first part gives the conception of the modern agriculture. It is driven by the technologies，institutions，organizations，innovations in the management，and the ecological improvements，and it can be measured by the level of total factor productivity. The second part explores the opportunities and challenges for the development of the modern agriculture. The third part discusses the paths to develop the modern agriculture. The measures within the industry include to optimize the industry system of agriculture，develop moderate scale operation，elaborate the structure of grain production，extend the functions of agriculture，and enhance the sustainability of agriculture. The reform measures include to empower farmers the land stock rights，increase investments in farmers’ human capital，and foster farmers’ viability. The measures in the management include to provide a favorable policy environment for professional farmers，implement rigorous institutions for farmland protection，and strengthen the management of food production and consumption. The development measures should be suitable to the conditions，directed by the planning，cooperate as a whole，led by the market，upgrading the quality，sharing the increment，serving the all，and opening to outside. The last part is the suggestions. The governments should return back to the supporter from initiator of reform. The reform in the agricultural competitiveness should be deepened. The status farmers should be encouraged to transfer their land contract rights to professional farmers，and the transfer should be voluntary and paid off. The development of cooperative economy and the establishment of economic system should follow the technical routes suitable to the ecological systems.