As a maritime power，Russia always attaches importance to its national marine rights，interests and development. After Putin came to power，the Russian Federation Maritime Doctrine for the Period through 2020 was promulgated in 2001. In grim face of complex international and domestic situation，and in order to better adapt to the needs of the new era of Russian maritime activities and safeguard national marine rights and interests，Russia released a new version of the Russian Federation Maritime Doctrine on July 26，2015，the Russian Navy Day. As a basic document for framing national ocean policies，the new maritime doctrine is of fundamental significance for guiding Russia’s future marine activities. This paper，by means of comparing and contrasting the new maritime doctrine with the 2001 version，analyses the background of its introduction and the new changes in Russia’s maritime strategy，with an attempt to explore the new trends of Russia’s marine activities in the next two decades.