To fully comprehend the current state of left-behind children in rural Anhui，the project team with experts from the School of Sociology and Political Science of Anhui University and Anhui Provincial Research Base for Women Studies has conducted a 7-month investigation. The investigation，mostly quantitative with qualitative methods as support，combining both questionnaires and intensive interviews，presents the structure and distribution of left-behind children in rural Anhui，summarizes the general situation of left-behind children concerning guardians，methods and frequency of communication with parents，study，extracurricular activities，psychology，and other issues，exposes major problems currently encountered by left-behind children in rural Anhui by comparing and analyzing relevant data on non-left-behind children，and proposes corresponding countermeasures to address them.