In 2016，China continued to adopt new reform measures to implement the reform plans put forward by the CPC at the Fourth Plenary Session of its Eighteenth Central Committee and to respond to new demands of judicial practice. With respect to the management of judicial organs，personnel，finance and property，China has set up circuit courts，reformed internal organs of courts and procuratorates，and improved the systems of selection，appointment，reward and punishment of judges and procurators；and the experiences gained in earlier pilot programs of judicial reform have laid the foundation for the fine adjustment of reform measures. With respect to the operation mechanism of judicial power，China has stressed the separation of complex cases from simple ones in criminal，civil and administrative proceedings so that simple cases can be dealt with by summary procedure，deepened the reform of pluralistic dispute resolution mechanisms，advanced the trial-centered criminal procedure reform，brought summary procedure into the scope of pilot programs on the system of leniency to those who plead guilty and accept punishment，promoted the institution of public interest civil and administrative litigations by procuratorial organs，strengthened procuratorial supervision，improved the execution of civil and criminal judgments，carried out pilot work on the assessor system，improved court rules and upheld judicial authority. With respect to the protection of the right of action and litigious rights，China has standardized the procedure for the review of the necessity of custody，advanced the reform of state compensation system，strengthened the judicial protection of vulnerable groups，standardized judicial aid，taken measures to protect whistleblowers in cases of duty-related crimes，and implemented the system whereby the person in charge of an administrative organ appears in court to respond to litigation against the administrative organ.