Demographers have long been concerned with high fertility issues and believed that the total fertility rate will eventually stabilize at the replacement level，2.1 children per woman. Nevertheless，fertility has kept falling in most European and East Asian countries or regions，generating the new demographic phenomenon of lowest-low fertility rate，which would in turn have profound impact on families and the society as a whole. By situating the low fertility rate in China in the global and regional context and comparing fertility rate across different provinces in China，this paper examines the current situation，trends，features，causes and consequences of China’s extremely low fertility rate. It was found that the decrease of fertility rate in China is not an exception of the global trend during the same period and that the same extremely low fertility rate has ever appeared not only in China but also in developed as well as in some underdeveloped regions. Such findings call for more attentions from academic demographers and policy makers.