我国社会保障“统账结合”的半积累制度已经确立多年,但社保基金的投资管理一直处于十分混乱状态,导致资源误置和严重浪费:沉淀于地方省市的1600多亿缴费余额统账混用,没有统一的投资管理策略,回报率低下,存在巨大的金融风险;“全国社保基金”投资策略不尽合理;中央政府不得不额外用每年财政转移予以专项补助。本文将上述三块资源统筹考虑,根据其资金的属性,提出将账户基金、统筹基金、储备基金(改造当前的全国社保基金)分离出来,为其设计了不同的投资策略与制度;认为,账户基金应实施完全的资本市场的投资;储备基金应完全走向国际资本市场;统筹基金增值保值问题是个世界性难题,提出应首先完成省级统筹,实行“三离开”的投资原则,并首次提出须避免和谨防“东亚化”的投资倾向,吸取东亚的教训,应为其设立三个投资管理体系。本文还对上述三个基金各自的法律定位、给付功能、融资渠道和行政隶属关系等制度框架提出了具体的政策建议,对其回报率做了对比,认为基本可以逼近平均社会工资增长率的水平;为配合上述投资体系的建立,还提出了调整社保缴费比例的设想,认为这个基本框架既符合国际惯例,又符合具体国情,具有中国特色;既有制度创新,又为未来诸如地方开放地方债市等发展留下了空间;既保持了职工收入替代率没有降低,又增强了社保制度的财政可持续性,同时还减轻了国家的财政负担。
<<The partial funded scheme has been founded in China more than 10 years,but the surplus of the funds has not yet been efficiently invested in a right way,quite on the contrary,it has been kept in local level governments and misused and lost very much;On the other hand,NSSF (National Social Security Fund) went improperly last year into the domestic financial markets with many uncertainties and risks. The author argues that a tri-funds investment scheme should be established in China:NSSF should not invest in domestic equities markets but go out to the international markets;the IA (individual accounts) should be independently split out as a IA Fund from the pool,investing totally in the domestic financial markets;the pool surplus be as a PS (pool surplus) Fund and should leave both equities and the industry investments such as real estates,infrastructures and social investments like Japan,who has lost too much,which can be called Eastern Investment,but should be invested in two quasi-financial-markets namely local-level outstanding bonds markets to be constructed,and a quasi-market with corporate bonds issued by the State-owned banks,and,in one quasi-credit-market between the three funds. The author also argues that PS Fund’s pooled level should be upgraded from the level of the counties and cities to that of the states,and IA Fund and NSSF should be directly administered by the State,and PS Fund by states respectively. The interests of a such investment for the three Funds can catch up with the social average salary growth,and reduce the central government’s burden a lot,with the reduction of employers’ contributions from 20% (specialized for the social pool) to 8%,and the left 12% should be transferred to the IC,which can increase the amounts for the financial markets.
<<Keywords: | Financial MarketsSocial Security ReformIndividual AccountsSocial Security Funds Investment |