Thepaperisorganizedintothreesections。Thefirstsectiondealswiththeconceptofbuildinganewsocialistcountrysideandthemainreasonsforputtingforwardsuchanotion。Inthesecondsection，theauthordiscusseshisrecentfieldimpressionsfromShaanxiprovince。Finally，theauthortriestoanswerthequestion-whatmakesavillagerichandarguesthatbuildinganewsocialistcountrysideisanadmirableconcept，however，thereisneedtogivehighprioritytopromotionanddevelopmentofTownshipandVillageEnterprises（TVEs）especiallyinwesternandcentralregionsandhumancapitalenhancementinruralareas。ThepaperisprimarilyChina-specific，however，thestudyalsoprovidescomparativeinsightsfromIndia。