This research objectively investigate the changes of consumption structure of urban and rural residents in Guizhou Province since the reform and opening up，which includes the process，characteristics，area and differences. In the view of time，the consumption structure of urban and rural residents in Guizhou Province has experienced the process changing from poverty to essentials，and changing from essentials to well-off;in the view of space，there are still obvious area differences in the consumption structure of urban and rural residents in Guizhou Province，while the whole consumption level is lower than the national average. It is a long way for Guizhou to establish a scientific and reasonable system of modern consumption structure.