Based on the analysis of the nature and characteristics of judicial activities，this article divides the judicial system of a state into two parts：judicial organization and administration system and judicial operation system. The former is mainly responsible for the organizational structure of judicial organs and the allocation of judicial power whereas the latter mainly consists of legal procedures and mechanisms by which judicial organs exercise their judicial power to deal with concrete cases. Judicial administration system consists of mechanisms and institutions for the allocation，organization and operation of state judicial power. Its main institutional contents include the nature and legal status of judicial organs，the relationship between judicial organs at different levels，the appointment of and performance of functions by judicial personnel，the allocation of judicial functions and powers，and mechanisms aimed at bringing judicial functions into full and effective play. Judicial administration system plays a fundamental role in the construction of judicial system in a country：judicial operation system is determined by judicial administration system. Defections in the design of judicial administration system are the main causes of the malfunction of the judicial operation system. This article analyzes the development of judicial policy in China and maintains that currently the legitimacy of the reform of judicial administration system in China comes from judicial policy，especially the Decision on Several Issues Relating to Comprehensively Deepening the Reform （the Decision），adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the CPC Central Committee. The Decision raises specific demands on the reform of the judicial system，especially the judicial administration system. The author of this article is of the opinion that，in order to correctly implement the Decision，the government should amend the Constitution so as to incorporate judicial activities into the scope of basic state system and，on the basis of the basic institutional framework of the system of people’s congresses，construct a judicial administration system with the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress as the highest judicial organ，correctly deal with the relationships between political and legal affairs commissions，courts，procuratorates and public security organs，coordinate the relationship of check and balance between public security organs，procuratorates，courts and judicial administration organs in the handing of criminal cases，improve the quality of judicial personnel，promote the professionalism of judges，prosecutors and police officers，establish a trial system separated from the system of administrative precincts，and further ensure the independent exercise of judicial functions and powers by judicial organs，so as to uphold judicial justice.