From Mao Zedong’s “serve the people” to Hu Jintao’s“ensure and improve people’s livelihood”，those thoughts indicate that the theories and practices of people’s livelihood of the three generations of central collective leadership of the Communist Party of China are the continuation and development of that of their previous generations. The theory of people’s livelihood studies how to produce，to finance and to allocate the necessities of life and public service. The keystone of the studies is that how to deal with the relationship between the government and the market. Communist Party of China has done a lot of work in ensuring and improving people’s livelihood and accumulates too many experiences and lessons. The development and construction of people’s livelihood includes three pillars. The first pillar is that production and employment is the engine of people’s livelihood. The second pillar is that tax reduction and low tax burden is the wing of people’s livelihood. The third pillar is that the social security and social welfare is the shield of people’s livelihood. In conclusion，the theory and practice of Communist Party of China in people’s livelihood keeps up with the times and matures gradually.