>After nearly three decades of phenomenal economic growth and successful reform，it is obviously lack of empirical evidence to believe that there are still a large amount and high proportion of surplus labor force in rural China.By directly examining aggregated magnitude，age structure and employment distribution of rural labor force，this chapter concludes that there remain less than 120 million surplus laborers and that account for less than one fourth of total labor force in rural China.Moreover，about 50 percent of the surplus laborers are over forty years old.The policy implication is that under the circumstance of emerging labor shortage，the hukou system reform should be further accelerated in order to completely clear up institutional obstacles deterring labor mobility and population migration.