With the continuous decline of natural population growth rate and the outflow of young and well-educated workforce from Henan province to more developed areas，new changes have emerged in Henan’s population structure.First，the number of workforce has started to decline.Negative growth in workforce first occurred in 2009.Since then，both the absolute number of workforce and its proportion in total population have declined.Second，the age of work force has increased gradually.The median age of workforce has increased from 34.6 in 2000 to 37.9 in 2010.At the same time，the proportion of workforce aged between 15 and 39 has decreased by 3.8 percent.Third，the dependency ratio of population tends to rise.In 2012 the dependency ratio of Henan province is 42.8%，which is 1.2 percent higher than that in 2010 and 6.62 percent higher than that of national level in 2012.With the population aged 65 or over accounting for 8.8 percent，Henan has entered an ageing society.Moreover，ageing problem is severer in rural area than in urban.Fourth，the gap of educational level between Henan and national average level has been enlarged.Though the educational level of residents has increased generally，the outflow of highly-educated population has continued to enlarge the gap.In summary，the rapid population growth trend in Henan province has shifted.The demographic dividend，which has made a great contribution to economic development over years，has been disappearing.The ageing problem and the loss of highly-qualified population have become major problems in future development.In order to sustain the economic and social development of Henan province，it is crucial to rise to these population challenges.