This paper analyses the spatial pattern of the railway freight transport volume in China since the reform and opening up from the regions，economic zones and provinces. Status of regional railway freight transport volume pattern presents“Central region is the highest，followed by the east，the west is the lowest”. The railway freight transport volume grows rapidly，the pattern of the growth descends from the west to the east，and the the Middle Yellow River，especially Inner Mongolia grows fastest. The railway freight transport volume per unit of GDP showed a rapid decline these years，and it shows“western high，central second，eastern minimum”trend in the spatial pattern. Therefore，since the reform and opening up，China’s railway freight transport volume has been rising gradually，and the western region grows fastest;however the railway freight transport volume per unit of GDP has continued to decrease. The main influence factors of the evolution of the railway freight transport volume include industry structure and transportation infrastructure. Based on this，this paper has presented scientific railway network plan，adapting to the trend of the development modern logistics，and strengthening the railway technology innovation.