This article investigates the relationship between trade liberalization and rural poverty reduction in theory，and then analyzes the relationship between rural poverty reduction and agricultural trade liberalization and financial investment through building up a simultaneous equations model and using the GMM estimation. The results showed that：agricultural trade liberalization has promoted the agricultural productivity，raised the farmers’ non-farm employment rate and non-agricultural wage level and alleviated rural poverty. Agricultural products export is more conducive to rural poverty reduction in the agricultural trade. The agricultural financial investment is an important factor to promote the rural economic growth and narrow the gap between urban and rural areas and reduce rural poverty. Regional comparison shows that：the western households are laying a disadvantage level in the agricultural trade liberalization；it will have a significant poverty reduction effect to increase education and irrigation investment in western poor regions.