Based on the C-D production function，from the view of demographic dividend，this paper offers an empirical study of industrial structure，the labor supply and economic growth in China from 1996 to 2010.The results show：there are significant differences in the regional population age structure.In the short term，changes in economic growth rates and population dependency ratio have no correlation，and in the long run，the income levels per capita are negatively related with population dependency ratio. As for the industrial structure，the first industry is negatively related with economic growth，but the contribution of the first industry to the central and western economic growth is much larger than that to the eastern part.While the material capital contribution of the eastern region to the economic growth is apparently larger than that of the centeral and western region.At the same time，the rate of labor force growth in the eastern area is also larger than the central and western areas.The policy implication is to actively narrow the human capital gap between regions，to further improve the population policy and labor market system，to promote the level of regional public resource configuration，and to achieve balanced development of regional economy.