This study uses the Sixth National Census data to reveal the latest living and development status of Chinese elderly women. It shows that although the living conditions of this population group have been greatly improved along with the socioeconomic development，compared to men of their age，these women are still in a more disadvantaged position in accessing pension resources and social capital. They are a vulnerable group urgently in need of social and policy assistance. The study makes relevant policy recommendations in reference to our long-term study of elderly women in China.