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    美国推广“普世价值”:成败任评说

    摘要

    美国外交政策走向一直深受自由主义影响。与其他西方国家相比,美国在对外政策中更加重视意识形态因素。因此,在全球推广以自由、民主、人权为主要内容的“普世价值”成为美国自由主义大战略的重要内容。奥巴马政府将推广“普世价值”放到更突出的位置上,将其作为美国全球战略的目标之一。在与世界各国合作解决金融危机的背景下,奥巴马政府吸取上届政府教训,在推广“普世价值”时采取综合运用硬实力和软实力的灵活政策,尤其重视公共外交的作用。美国国际开发署是奥巴马政府对外推广“普世价值”的一个有力工具,利用援助等方式树立了美国良好的道义形象。与此同时,奥巴马政府以“务实接触”代替以往对缅甸的孤立和制裁政策,以一种潜移默化的方式向缅甸输出“普世价值”。在中东地区,美国借着“阿拉伯之春”,支持整个地区改革,努力巩固美国在中东推广“普世价值”的成果。对于撒哈拉以南非洲的发展,奥巴马政府承诺将强化机制推动非洲国家民主发展。但是,这些努力却受到国内民主僵化的影响,全球民主势头发展也使推广“普世价值”前景堪忧。在遭受俄罗斯、埃及等一些国家反对以及其他国家发展模式的挑战下,美国推广“普世价值”遇到一些挫折。不过,从长时段来看,美国推广“普世价值”还是有很大成绩的。展望未来,奥巴马政府会总结经验教训,不断调整政策,更有效地推广“普世价值”。 <<
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    Abstract

    American's foreign policy has always been influenced by liberalism.The United States puts more attention on ideology in foreign policy compared to other western countries.So,promoting the ideology of universal value is a very important thing in American's liberal strategy which put freedom,democracy and human rights as the main content.Promoting universal value is on a more prominent position for the Obama Administration.It is one of the goals of American global strategy.On the background of solving financial crisis which needs other countries' cooperation,the Obama Administration uses hard power and soft power flexibly when promoting universal value after learning lessons from Bush Administration.The Obama Administration emphasizes public diplomacy especially.USAID is a useful tool in Obama's promotion of universal value,which uses aid and other means to help American government establish a good moral image.At the same time,the Obama Administration uses principled engagement policy in place of the isolation and sanction toward Myanmar,which has the effect of exporting universal value imperceptibly.In the Middle East,the United States takes the opportunity of the "Arab Spring" to support reform all around the area,to consolidate the achievement of promoting universal value in the Middle East.As to the sub-Saharan Africa,the Obama Administration promises to promote democratic development.But all these efforts are influenced by the rigid development of American democracy itself.And the global democratic development makes the future of universal value disquietude.Confronted with the objection of Russia,Egypt,etc and the challenge of other developmental pattern,the United States meets its reverse in promoting universal value.American's promoting universal value has some achievement considering the fact that the ideology of democracy has been the common sense of the world,and a lot of emerging great powers are democracies.Just because of this,under the support of various advantageous conditions,the Obama Administration will adjust its foreign policy to better promoting universal values. <<
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    作者简介
    刘建飞:中共中央党校国际战略研究院教授、副院长
    闫坤:闫坤,河北省委党校讲师,中共中央党校国际战略研究所毕业博士。
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