Grain production security is the cornerstone of national development，and major grain-producing areas have made great contributions to ensuring national food security. China has been implementing three types of compensation policies for major grain-producing areas，including support for the development of the grain industry，subsidies for major grain-producing counties，and financial and public service support. From the perspective of compensation，the total scale of support funds received by major grain-producing areas is larger，but the support intensity enjoyed by unit grain output or unit cultivated land area is generally lower compared to non-major grain-producing areas. The gap between the two areas in financial and public service support policies continues to narrow，while the gap in grain industry development support policies continues to expand. Under the current compensation framework，productivity and efficiency of grain production have achieved synchronous improvement in major grain-producing areas，accompanied by larger grain factories，rapid growth in per capita disposable income of rural residents and improved total revenue of local budget. However，there are still some challenges ahead，such as limited compensation funds，poor incentive effects and a lack of diversities in compensation methods. To solve these problems，the report proposes a number of institutional innovations，including expanding the scale of financial transfer payments，supplementing the responsibility sharing mechanism for non-major grain-producing areas，and introducing social capital to invest in the development of the grain industry in major grain-producing areas.