Taer Village，Aketao County in Xinjiang is chosen as the field research site，in order to review the changes brought to the livelihood of farmers and herdsmen in plateau mountainous area by the poverty alleviation efforts and follow-up assistance. The research is carried out mainly by participatory observation and indepth interview，supplemented with statistical analysis，which reveals that relocation is a necessity because Taer is on the edge of the Pamirs and its arable land is scarce and grassland is infertile，and traditional agriculture and animal husbandry is saturated. Through the implementation of the “five links” project，ecological construction，resettlement，employment and poverty alleviation through education and other measures，by the end of 2020，the goal of poverty alleviation in Taer Village has been achieved. New industries are needed to support steady poverty alleviation and sustainable income increase. It’s quite prospective to transform the disadvantage of ecologically fragile geography into advantage of the culture-enriched industry because the mountainous area of Taer village has unique natural geographical and historical cultural resources. Therefore，the financial investment should be used for the development of local advantageous resources，and the focus of the poverty alleviation should be shifted to the cultivation of the endogenous power of farmers and herdsmen，so as to effectively coordinate the development of rural area and regional development.