Changes in the working age population will have a profound impact on economic and social development. Based on the census data from 1982 to 2020，this paper analyzes and summarizes the total，structure，quality and distribution characteristics of working age population in beijing，the results show that the proportion of working age population in Beijing is shrinking and the working age population is aging，but they are more well-educated and the female working age population has a higher education level and more increments. There are great differences in the concentrated distribution areas of the working age population of different age，and the industrial space presents a “three two one” gradient distribution from the center to the periphery. The characteristics and changes of the working age population may have a negative impact on the population dividend and economic development vitality，but it is also expected to promote technological progress and improve the quality of talent training and labor productivity. Based on this，this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions，such as accelerating the transformation of economic growth to innovation driven，improving the quality of the working age population，improving the service management level，and fully exploiting the elderly human resources.