“The 14th Five-Year National Health Plan” continues to include “increasing life expectancy by one year” as the planning goal，which promotes people’s livelihood and well-being to a new level.Taking this as the breakthrough point，this study analyzed the changing trend of life expectancy of Shanghai residents in recent 20 years.Combining with the aging characteristics of Shanghai，we deeply analyzed the changing characteristics of mortality rate and causes of death in different age groups during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and explored their influence on life expectancy.Through self-comparison and comparison with other longevity countries，the main population and major diseases whose mortality rate can be further reduced were explored.The potential growth space of Shanghai residents’ life expectancy was explored，so as to provide evidence-based basis for further improving the health level and life expectancy of Shanghai residents during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.