Building the five new towns is an important measure for Shanghai to optimize the urban spatial layout and functions，and enhance the agglomeration of elements and the competitiveness of the city. This will lead to the reconstruction of urban spatial structure，reshaping of the ecological environment system，redistribution of residents’ ecological well-being，and rebalancing of urban functions and ecological functions of Shanghai，which will affect the ecological well-being of residents. To achieve the goal of building an ecological city with the concept of people-centered，how to enhance and improve the ecological well-being of residents in the five new towns has become an important issue. Combined the statistical and questionnaire analysis，the results show that （1）the construction of five new towns in Shanghai has generally improved the new towns，in the aspects of environmental quality，ecological space layout and residents’ ecological well-being；（2）residents are highly satisfied with the quality of the ecological environment in the new towns，however，the diversity，accessibility and service functions of ecological space still need to be improved；（3）public participation in ecological environment governance is low；（4）the subjective perception of the ecological well-being of residents still needs to be improved. To improve the objective ecological well-being and subjective perception of residents，several measures are recommended，including making up for the shortcomings and weaknesses of environmental governance，optimizing the structure and function of ecological space，increasing the number of waterfront spaces，and improving public participation in ecological environmental governance mechanisms.