Population natural structure is the foundation of population economic structure and population social structure. Changes in population natural structure will cause changes in population economic structure and population social structure. Therefore，population natural structure is an important variable that cannot be ignored in economic and social development. This report uses the data released by the Shandong Provincial Bureau of Statistics and the sixth census data of Shandong Province to analyze the current situation of population natural structure of Shandong Province during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and its development and changes. The trends of changes were predicted. This report believes that population natural structure of Shandong Province during the 13th Five-Year Plan period has the characteristics of gradual expansion of population size，gradual reduction of the sex ratio of the total population，continuous deepening of the age structure，and rising population burden coefficient. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period，population natural structure of the province will show the characteristics of the decrease and stabilization of the number of births，the further aging of the population age structure and the heavier social burden，and the further deepening of the aging of the working-age population. To this end，on the basis of refining the influencing factors and problems of population natural structure of Shandong Province，this report puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for population natural structure，such as continuing to increase the supply of newborns，creating a good living environment for children and adolescents，continuing to implement active employment policies，and doing everything possible to solve the problem of the elderly population.