In the era of ecological civilization emphasizing the harmonious coexistence of human and nature，it is necessary to analyze the common theoretical logic of human behavior in destroying and protecting natural ecology，and provide a guiding rule system for the improvement of a classified compensation system with different ecological environment elements as the implementation objects. Research shows that the goal of ecological compensation mechanisms is to internalize the cost benefits of spillovers. For ecological public goods，the government is the main compensation body. For quasi-ecological public goods，compensation and compensated subjects can be clearly defined through the definition of initial property rights，market mechanisms can be introduced to reach compensation agreements，and compensation standards should be determined between the cost of ecological construction and the value of ecological products.