The establishment and improvement of eco-compensation system is the core content of ecological civilization construction and an important means to practice the idea of “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”. The core of eco-compensation mechanism is that ecological protectors enjoy the right to compensation while protecting the ecology，which can alleviate the internal tension between the right to survival，the right to development and the right to environment，and promote the protection of human rights. In China，remarkable achievements have been made in the construction of the eco-compensation system，the institutional framework has been basically established，and relevant practices have been increasingly extensive and in-depth. To solve the existing problems of eco-compensation such as unclear orientation，single source of funds，low compensation standard，insufficient compensation accuracy and the insufficient incentive，we should further promote the institutionalization and legalization of eco-compensation，and actively explore the market-based and diversified mechanisms. We also should standardize the compensation standards，enrich the compensation methods，improve the compensation accuracy and fairness，and form the impetus and effective incentive for ecological protection，so as to better protect human rights.