Biomass is the most abundant renewable carbon resource in the earth. The efficient development and utilization of biomass energy can alleviate energy demand，improve environmental ecosystems and promote high-quality economic development in the region，which is one of the most effective means to achieve the goals of “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality”. The Yellow River Basin is rich in biomass resources and has huge development space. Based on the climate，topography，soil and other factors of the Yellow River Basin，this report introduces the main biomass energy resources in the upper，middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin，that is，the types and distribution of agricultural straw resources and forest resources，the current situation of biomass energy development，and the development direction of biomass energy in the Yellow River Basin，as well as the opportunities and challenges.