In the new situation，China’s main social contradictions have changed，according to the growing needs of people’s better life，better material and ecological are needed. At the same time，the demand for water resources for national security and high-quality development has changed，which is bound to have a profound impact on China’s urban and rural water supply security situation. This paper makes an in-depth analysis of the current situation of China’s urban and rural water supply security，including the overall analysis of water supply，historical trend analysis，urban water supply analysis，county，township and village water supply analysis and renewable water utilization analysis. Secondly，it summarizes the security system of water supply safety in China. Thirdly，the main factors affecting the security of urban and rural water supply are studied to identify the possible challenges. In view of the above water supply security challenges，policy suggestions are put forward.