There are more than 60 countries along “The Belt and Road”，and the vast majority are small and developing countries. China’s economy is larger than the sum of all these countries，and the economic strength is far more than any one of them；in addition to the individual areas，these countries rely more on China than China depends on them. Therefore，China in a certain extent enjoys the institutional and market power advantage brought by the asymmetric dependence. So，whether the economic security problem in developing countries，generated by the asymmetry dependence between developed and developing countries in the past，will continue in “The Belt and Road” construction leading by China？How to apply this advantage in order to realize national economic security in “The Belt and Road” construction？The author believes that we must start from the common safety to break the past practices，including that over past several hundred years，the Western powers using wars，colonialism，spheres of influence etc. and now developing unequal rules to ensure its own economic interests and economic security. To promote the “The Belt and Road” building we need a more inclusive and cooperative attitude，through which should we construct the real national economic security network. This paper introduces the concept of asymmetric interdependence in international economy，and redefines the concept of national economic security；on this basis，this paper further explores the national economic security in “The Belt and Road” construction through the perspective of common security，which is namely the economic sovereignty and economic safety problems；finally，this paper put forward the framework of safeguard mechanism of economic security in the construction of “The Belt and Road”.