With the advancement of the “Belt and Road” Initiative，economic and trade activities and labor force flows between China and the countries and regions along the route have become more and more frequent. However，the lack of reciprocal arrangements for social insurance between these countries has hindered free labor movement，for which international cooperation in social protection is necessary. This paper elaborates on the status quo of social protection cooperation between China and relevant countries under the framework of the “Belt and Road” Initiative，including the role and significance of international cooperation in social protection and the realizable forms and existing problems of China’s international cooperation in social protection. In terms of cooperation methods，this paper suggests that bilateral social protection agreements are more realistic and feasible in the short term while the European Union’s approach is suitable in the long term.