Youth is the most dynamic and creative group in the society. The youth population of Jiangxi Province accounts for nearly 30% of the total population of the whole province，which is an important driving force and supporting force for Jiangxi’s economic development. This chapter collates the policy change process，registered residence system and development plan of population development in China and Jiangxi in particular since the reform and opening up. Through yearbooks and annual reports，It is found that the population of Jiangxi Province has the characteristics of transformation from reproduction type to modern type，leap forward development of urbanization，more prominent bonus of young talents and balanced gender structure of youth. There are some problems，such as the gradual weakening of the demographic dividend，the continuous downturn of the fertility level，the deepening of the aging degree，and the continuous outflow of young people. The following suggestions are put forward：to implement the national policy of child care，to build a child-bearing support system，to strengthen the construction of talents，to help young people get full employment and cope with the aging，and to actively promote the new urbanization.