This report mainly uses quantitative analysis method to analyze the current situation and diachronic characteristics of Beijing’s population size，structure，quality and distribution，summarizes four characteristics of Beijing’s population development，and concludes five major problems and challenges facing Beijing’s population development from the aspects of labor supply，population internal factor，scientific and technological innovation vitality，social governance，environment and resources，namely potential risks existing in labor supply，imbalance of factors within the population，scientific and technological innovation that needs to be further stimulated，higher requirement to the level of social governance that the change of population structure puts forward，the acute contradiction between population，resources and the environment. On this basis，this report puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for the balanced development of population in Beijing during the The Fourteenth and fifth period.