Science and technology human resources reflect the reserve level and supply capacity of science and technology manpower in a country or region. Through continuous efforts，China has become the world’s largest country in terms of human resources in science and technology，and the structure is constantly optimized and the quality is constantly improved. However，China’s science and technology human resources are still facing low per capita indicators，structural shortage，low education level，insufficient training of basic research and industrial talents，and potential to be exploited. In order to promote the sustainable development and role of China’s science and technology human resources，it is recommended to strengthen the cultivation and attraction of science and technology human resources，improve the quality of cultivation，build a favorable environment，and continuously promote the potential of science and technology human resources and improve the ability to support science and technology innovation while maintaining the advantage of the total amount.