Mental health literacy is an important capability for maintaining and facilitating mental health. Chinese Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire （abbreviated version） by the Institute of Psychology at Chinese Academy of Sciences is designed for primary and middle students to understand their mental health literacy and the influential factors. The analysis of the individuals aged 10-16 has shown that about 30 percent of students had a score of less than 60 in mental health literacy knowledge，and those who scored over 80 accounted for only 19.9 percent；girls had a overall higher level of mental health literacy than boys；urban students had a higher score of mental health literacy than their counterparts who were from rural areas；parental education level and family economic status were influential factors for the mental health literacy of students；students with higher level of mental health literacy showed better psychological resilience and more positive attitude towards help-seeking rather than falling into depression. Based on the survey results，advice has been given as follows：strengthening the mental health literacy of primary and middle school students，especially popularizing the knowledge about the identification and intervention of psychological problems；giving concern to the promotion of mental health literacy among students who are from disadvantaged families；paying close attention to popularizing the knowledge of mental health literacy among rural students；timely identifying and screening the individuals who are at high risk of mental health and reducing worries for them to seek help.