The health of children and adolescents is key to the individual development，and lays the fundamental for national development. Over the past one decade，malnutrition of children and adolescents was improved，but overweight and obesity have become more and more serious，and anemia which had seen a ameliorating tendency rebounded. Meanwhile，huge divergences have shown in children’s nutritional problems among different regions，with the coexisting nutritional burden of undernutrition，hidden hunger and overweight and obesity. The children’s injury mortality decreased significantly，but is still relatively high compared with the number of developed countries. Challenges have also been seen in children’s chronic diseases，with prevalent visual impairment，dental caries，and mental health problems. The physical fitness of children and adolescents has turned to be better，but there is still huge room for improvement. Meanwhile，health risk behaviors such as smoking and drinking alcohol have become more serious in children and adolescents. In response to this situation，various measures should be taken to promote the health of children and adolescents，including supporting policies，inter-sector cooperation，increasing funding，and effective monitoring and supervision.