At this stage，Henan Province has entered the critical period of population development. In this special historical period，this paper comprehensively combs the development status and trend characteristics of Henan Province in terms of the total population，population structure and population distribution，and systematically analyzes the outstanding problems and challenges that Henan Province’s population development. On this basis，the overall solution to the population problem of Henan Province is prospected from the aspects of how to improve the population development policy.