Since the founding of New China，as the capital of the great socialist motherland，Beijing’s population situation has always been highly concerned，and the population issue has always been highly valued. This chapter reviews and looks forward to the population development of the capital since the founding of New China. It analyzes the characteristics of population changes，grasps the evolution logic of population structure，analyzes the improvement of population quality，and clarifies the practical mechanism of population management services. Make research and judgments on the development trend of Beijing’s population，and put forward corresponding opinions and suggestions. This chapter believes that Beijing has achieved remarkable results in population development and governance，but it is also facing profound changes and challenges. Only to explore long-term mechanisms for reduced development，stimulate new drivers of urban economic vitality，create a new ecology of high-quality human capital，and tap Only by developing new potentials in urban development areas and incorporating new child-friendly perspectives into economic policies can the coordinated development of population，economy，society，and cities be achieved in the new era.