With the implementation of the important strategy of optimizing the industrial structure of Beijing and dissolving non-capital functions，the population development of Beijing is showing new changes and new characteristics. Based on the data of Beijing and various districts and counties from 2010 to 2019，this article analyzes the school age in the capital The interactive relationship between the demographic change and the supply of educational resources. The data shows that the growth of the school-age population in Beijing in the past ten years has brought about a rapid increase in the scale of compulsory education students，and the change in population spatial distribution has also brought about the adjustment of compulsory education students. On the whole，the allocation of educational resources in Beijing has basically adapted to population changes，but there are also problems such as the inability of compulsory education resources to achieve a balanced development between regions，and the incomplete matching of population distribution and educational resource layout. In the future，it is still necessary to focus on the strategic goals of urban development，grasp the current situation and development trends of the school-age population，and promote the coordinated development of the capital’s educational resources layout and population.