Based on the data of the 2018 China Population Sample Change Survey，combined with the data and analysis of the census and sample surveys over the years，the article sorts out the latest development of China’s child population，analyzes the size of the child population，gender and age，layout of urban and rural areas，family，early marriage and childbirth，employment，and other relevant information. The above analysis results reflect the main trend and major problems of China’s child population. For example，the age structure of the child population at different stages of development will fluctuate sharply in the future；the gender structure of children will continue to be unbalanced；the urbanization of child population will be slower；young people’s early marriage and childbearing will increase；and the poor employment of young people will deteriorate. The article recommends that relevant departments pay attention to major changes in the size and structure of the child population，and make policy arrangements in advance for education，marriage，and employment.