Based on the data of the “National Questionnaire Survey on the Development of Chinese Education” organized by the school of education of Peking University and the compilation committee of “Blue Book of Chinese Language Education” in 2020，this study focuses on the current situation of Chinese learning of primary and secondary school students in terms of learning resources，learning cognition and learning effectiveness. The results show that they have relatively rich learning resources and high external support with obvious rural-urban，regional and individual differences，especially huge differences in the family economic capital and cultural capital. The vast majority of students agree that Chinese is an important subject with high interest in learning，while they think it is more difficult to learn which needs more learning investment. They high Chinese ability with certain rural-urban and individual differences，especially family capital play an important role. Centering on the goal of deepening the reform of Chinese education and improving Chinese attainment，the study proposes several suggestions for improvement to deal with uneven distribution of Chinese learning resources and differences in Chinese ability.