The pharmaceutical industry is one of the National Strategic Emerging Industries during the “13th Five-Year Plan” period. This paper calculates the overall international market share，Trade Competitiveness Index，Revealed Comparative Advantage Index，and subdivided product competition indicators of Chinese pharmaceutical industry from 2015 to 2018，and finds that the overall competitiveness of the Chinese pharmaceutical industry is not strong，the international competitiveness of pharmaceutical products in the low-end of the value chain is strong，while the international competitiveness of biopharmaceuticals and high-tech pharmaceuticals in the high-end of the value chain is weak. The slow structural adjustment of the industry，the low level of innovation driving，and the lack of world-class leading enterprises have caused the competitiveness of the Chinese pharmaceutical industry to be weak during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. During the “14th Five-Year Plan” period，Chinese pharmaceutical industry should further strengthen the structural transformation of the pharmaceutical industry，improve innovation capabilities，build an industrial innovation ecosystem，optimize the business environment，and play a leading role in leading enterprises.