《极地规则》的生效为北极航运治理提供了可执行的强制规范和建议性措施,有助于降低北极海域的环境和安全风险。但《极地规则》在环保方面的软弱性依然受到了相关批判,具体表现在尚未正式禁止使用重燃油、未严格控制黑碳和灰水排放、未将外来物种入侵和船舶压载水纳入考虑范围等方面。北极理事会的北极海洋环境保护工作组在《极地规则》生效后相继发布《北极航运报告》和《北极噪声知识状态报告》;北极理事会的黑碳和甲烷问题专家组就北极黑碳治理进行了卓有成效的开创性工作;俄罗斯和加拿大两国对国际海事组织在《极地规则》生效后的新动向作出了不同的反应。国际海事组织最近已经启动了有关实施《极地规则》以及继续提高环保措施的下一阶段工作计划,以求进一步采取举措来弥补《极地规则》的漏洞和不足。国际海事组织未来应与北极理事会相互配合,以共同实现北极航运治理的良治。
<<The entry into force of the polar code provides mandatory regulations and advisory measures that can be implemented for the governance of Arctic shipping,which is helpful to reduce environmental and safety risks in Arctic waters. However,the weakness of environmental protection has been still criticized,which is manifested in the fact that the use of heavy fuel oil has not been officially banned,the emission of black carbon and discharge of grey water has not been strictly controlled,and the invasion of alien species and ballast water from shipping have not been taken into account. The Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment Group under the Arctic Council has successively issued the Arctic Shipping Report and the report of “Underwater Noise in the Arctic:A State of Knowledge” after the polar code came into effect. The Black Carbon and Methane Expert Group under the Arctic Council has made fruitful and pioneering work on black carbon governance in the Arctic. Russia and Canada have made different responses to the new trends of IMO after the polar code. IMO has recently launched the work plan for the next phase of implementing polar code and continuing to improve environmental protection measures,in order to take further measures to remedy the loopholes and deficiencies of polar code. IMO should cooperate with the Arctic Council in the future to jointly realize good governance of Arctic shipping.
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