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双循环
本章主要研究道路拥堵问题在理论上的最优解决方案与在实践中的各种次优解决方案。首先考虑拥堵定价与容量选择可以同时完美决策的理论情形。“自我融资”定理表明，在一定技术假设下，从最优拥堵定价中获得的收益将恰好可以覆盖提供最优容量所需的成本。不过，由于现实中的种种约束，最优方案通常无法实施。其次考虑现实中的次优定价，包括无法区分所有车辆的次优拥堵收费和无法对所有道路收费的付费通道收费。最后简要讨论了停车收费、燃油税、警戒线收费和年牌照费等次优收费方案的利弊。
<<This chapter mainly studies the optimal solutions in theory and various suboptimal solutions in practice. Firstly, we consider the theoretical case that congestion pricing and capacity selection can make perfect decisions at the same time. The "self financing" theorem shows that under certain technical assumptions, the revenue from the optimal congestion pricing can cover the cost of providing the optimal capacity. However, due to various constraints in reality, the optimal scheme can not be implemented. Secondly, we consider the sub optimal pricing in reality, including the sub optimal congestion charge which can not distinguish all vehicles and the toll channel which cannot charge all roads. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of sub optimal charging schemes, such as parking charge, fuel tax, warning line charge and annual license fee, are briefly discussed.
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