With the development of society，the change of people’s lifestyle，as well as the acceleration of population aging process，the population disease spectrum has changed dramatically. In this paper，aging progress，population fertility and reproductive characteristics，and the change of population disease model have been described in detail. Analysis the impacts of major chronic diseases on life expectancy，and prevalence of risk factors of smoking，harmful drinking，obesity，high blood pressure and blood sugar to provide the basis for the prevention and control of chronic diseases.