This paper takes the primary school students in urban and rural areas of Xinxiang City as the research object，and issues interviews and questionnaires to Xinxiang City and its rural areas，and conducts a comparative study on urban and rural family education investment in primary school. Combining the research results with the cultural reproduction theory and the path dependence theory，we find that the investment gap between urban and rural family education in the primary school stage affects the unfairness of the individual development of students，and summarizes the underlying causes of unfairness. Finally，it is proposed that the state should improve the quality of school education and continue to eliminate the gap between urban and rural school education；the government should make up for the investment in rural off-campus education；the city should support the rural areas，and the multichannel interaction between urban and rural areas.