Since the 1930s，the Brazilian government has successively introduced relevant policies aimed at promoting the development of national scientific and technological innovation（STI）. By attaching importance to the training of science education and scientific and technological talents，establishing various funds and credit institutions，and constantly improving the functions of macro administrative departments on STI，targeted formulating national science and technology development plans and strengthening STI legislation，it has provided guarantees for the development of national innovation system of Brazil intellectually，strategically，financially，and institutionally. After more than half a century of development，Brazil has formed a national innovation system that covers nearly all elements. The current Brazilian national innovation system includes four subsystems：production，education and research，financial and financial support，decision-making and governance. Through the evaluation and analysis of the investment and output of STI as well as personnel training，we can find that the development of different subsystems of the Brazilian national innovation system is not quite well balanced. From 2018 to 2019，in the context of the domestic political turmoil and a weak economic growth，although technological innovation is struggling，the Brazilian government is still committed to further improve its national innovation system，by adopting a new macro-legal framework，and implementing national development strategy for science and technology through the formulation of digital transformation policies. Under the background of increasingly fierce competition in STI among major countries of the world，the further development of national innovation system still has a long way to go.