Qilian Mountain is one of the core areas of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the Pan-third pole. It is an important ecological barrier in the western part of China. The large-scale ecological environment management since 2017 has enabled the Qilian Mountain ecosystem to be better protected and restored，but it has also affected and challenged the region’s original livelihood and development model. Through the systematic investigation of the integration of air and space，the development process of mine，hydropower，tourism，overgrazing and other human activities in Qilian Mountain is systematically sorted out，and the governance effectiveness of ecological environment management in recent years are quantitatively evaluated. According to the data of 2018-2019，the intensity of human activities in the governance area has decreased significantly，the supply capacity of ecosystem services has increased，the discharge of environmental pollutants has decreased，and the quality of ecological environment has generally improved. But The governance has caused short-term negative impacts on the regional economy. The output value of regional traditional industries has declined，and the livelihood risks of sensitive people have increased. From the local point of view，the economic loss of ecological environment governance is greater than the ecological environment benefits. However，considering the remote coupling value of the Qilian Mountain ecosystem services to other regions，the ecological benefits are far greater than the local economrc losses. Based on the research results，it is suggested to use the “two mountains theory” as the theoretical basis and the “policy support，livelihood improvement，industrial transformation” as the guide，and increase the regional ecological compensation and accuracy to improve the livelihood capital of regional farmers and herdsmen. Guide the Qilian Mountain area to form a sustainable development model with high-end eco-tourism and green organic agriculture as the leading model，improve the output efficiency of livelihood capital，and help achieve the development goal of ecological and livelihood win-win in Qilian Mountain.