Shenzhen is saddled with the important mission of taking the lead in building a demonstration zone for socialist modernization and promoting the construction and innovative development of the Great Bay Area of Guangdong，Hong Kong and Macao. Good population structure is the basic condition for achieving this goal. In 2017，the ratio of non-registered population to registered population in Shenzhen was 1.88，and the structure of permanent population was significantly improved. Shenzhen’s household size tended to be smaller and the burden of family support was reduced. The proportion of employment in service industry in total employment was 55.38%，which was basically at the level of middle-income countries. There are 215，400 scientific and technological activists，surpassing the level of Guangzhou but lagging behind Beijing and Shanghai. The forecast results show that there is a strong possibility that the trend of sustained population growth in Shenzhen continues before 2050 and will maintain a relatively long period of population dividend. Based on Shenzhen’s demographic characteristics and demographic structure changes，this report puts forward policy recommendations for promoting Shenzhen’s innovative development. We should make rational use of demographic conditions，continuing to maintain the advantages of population size，demographic dividend，population inclusiveness and human capital；We should take the initiative to adapt to population challenges and seeking solutions from the social，economic，cultural and political fields；We should strengthen the research on innovative population strategy and provide policy basis for Shenzhen’s future innovative development strategy.