The construction of the data governance system is the key to achieving high-quality development of the digital economy. The United States and the European Union are stepping up to build a data governance system and seek to lead global data governance and improve the level of digital economic development. The construction of China’s data governance system is yet not perfect. The voices of national data security and personal privacy protection are relatively strong，and relevant legislation is making rapid progress. The legal provisions concerning the promotion of data industry and digital economy development are relatively insufficient. This paper claims that the construction of China’s data governance system need to consider basic national conditions，data security，industrial development and privacy protection，and accelerate the construction of a “three-party equilibrium” data governance system encompassing national data security，data industry development and personal privacy protection.