科学合理地安排儿童作息时间,对儿童健康成长具有重要的作用。本文采用自编《校外生活时间利用表》考察幼儿园、小学和初中儿童的作息时间安排;到校、离校时间和在校时长;儿童上下学时间、出行方式;“谁陪孩子上学”;“放学后孩子去哪儿”;儿童“放学后和谁玩”等事项的现状、特征及其影响因素。调查发现:(1)上学日儿童平均每天睡眠时间为9小时7分钟,户外活动37分钟;周末约能多睡1小时,户外多玩30~60分钟;部分学生在校时长高于国家规定;儿童上学时间平均时间为12~15分钟,符合就近入学原则;出行方式上比例最高的是步行(37。56%),其次是家庭汽车和骑车;家长陪同的比例为73。13%,独立出行的比例为16。48%,同伴陪同比例为7。24%;儿童放学后直接回家比例最高(73。55%),其次是在家、学校附近或路上玩耍(14。41%),去校内外托管培训机构的比例为10。11%;儿童放学后的主要玩伴为同学和伙伴(43。02%),其次是独自玩耍(21。25%),再次是与兄弟姐妹一起玩(18。83%),排在最后的是和看护人一起玩(14。84%)。(2)不同学段、性别、城乡、家庭年收入、家长外出务工、家长教育观念下的儿童作息时间、出行方式、“谁陪孩子上学”、“放学后孩子去哪儿”、儿童“放学后和谁玩”等事项呈现一定的差异,其中以不同学段的儿童特征差异最明显。(3)儿童作息时间安排与儿童身体发展关系密切。儿童BMI(体质指数)与睡眠时长和室外活动时间呈负相关,即睡眠不足、室外活动不足是肥胖的高危因素;视力正常儿童睡眠时长、室外活动时间明显高于视力异常儿童,上学日在校时长明显低于视力异常儿童。
<<Scientific and reasonable management of children’s daily schedule plays an important role in the development of children. Based on the data in the “Survey of Children’s Out-of-School Life in China”,which investigates onchildren’s schedule of kindergarten,primary and junior high schoolinclude the length of their school hours,the transportation they take,“who accompanies kids to school”,“where are these children stay after school” and “who will play with these children”. The investigation discovered that:(1)The sleeping time of children on school day average 9 hours and 7 minutes,the outdoor activity time average 37 minutes,they can sleep one more hour on weekends and engage in outdoor activities for another 30-60 minutes;the traveling to school takes on average 12-15 minutes,in accordance with the policy of nearby enrollment,while 37.56 percent of them walk to school,followed by driving or bicycle;73.13 percent are accompanied by parents,and 16.48 choose to go alone with another 7.24 percent go with peers;after school,73.55 percent go back home directly,14.41 percent would play near their home,school,or on their way home,10.11 percent would go to the tutoring centers;for 43.02 percent of students,their playmates are classmates or peers;another 21.25 percent would play alone;while another 18.83 percent play with their brothers or sisters;only 14.84 percent choose to play with their custodians.(2)Differences exist when discussing about children’s daily schedule,ways of going school,“who accompanies kids to school”,“where are these children stay after school”,“who will play with these children” considering their genders,school periods,family annual income,and different parent’s educational ideas. The most prominent differences exist among children with different school periods.(3)Children’s daily schedule is closely related to their physical development. Children’s BMI(Body Mass Index)is negatively correlated with sleep and outdoor activity hours,which means that a lack of sleep usually leads to obesity;children with a normal eyesight have longer sleep hours,more outdoor activities and less school time than those with a subnormal vision.
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