As the institutional environment at the national and provincial levels，the new rural professional peasant system must have corresponding institutional arrangements and governance structures from the central to provincial levels. Sichuan agriculture is in the critical period of transformation and upgrading. This paper takes “Sichuan new rural professional peasant system” as the research theme，incorporates Sichuan new rural professional peasant system into the research field of new institutional economics，applies the relevant theories of new institutional economics，and evaluates and protects the design concept，logical mechanism，evaluation and protection of new rural professional peasant system from macro and micro levels. Systematic analysis of the barrier mechanism provides a theoretical basis for the integration of the agricultural management system and the professional peasant system，which is the main body of the household management of farmers. The theoretical study of the new type of professional peasant system in rural areas of Sichuan is further advanced. It not only speaks mandarin，but also fully speaks Sichuan mandarin.